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==Zoonoses acquises via des contacts sexuels ==
==Zoonoses acquises via des contacts sexuels ==
Les infections qui sont transmisent des animaux aux humains sont nommées [[Zoonosis|zoonoses]]. Peu de zoonoses peuvent être transmises par contact occasionnel, mais plusieurs sont plus susceptibles d’être transmises par des activités qui exposent les humains au sperme, au fluide vaginal, à l’urine, la salive ou les selles et le sang des animaux. Pour cette raison les contacts sexuels avec les animaux peuvent présenter un risque de transmission de zoonoses. Il peut être intéressant pour les gens qui pratiquent la [[bestialité]], pour chacune des maladies mentionnées ci-dessous (et les autres non mentionnées) et pour les différentes régions du monde. Certaines des zoonoses les plus communes sont listées dans la National Agricultural Safety Database (NASD) et par les Centers for Disease Control (CDC) aux Etats-Unis. [http://www.http://www.cdc.gov/NASD/docs/d000701-d000800/d000752/d000752.html Zoonoses – Les animaux peuvent vous rendre malades (Animals Can Make You Sick)]
Les infections qui sont transmisent des animaux aux humains sont nommées [[Zoonosis|zoonoses]]. Peu de zoonoses peuvent être transmises par contact occasionnel, mais plusieurs sont plus susceptibles d’être transmises par des activités qui exposent les humains au sperme, au fluide vaginal, à l’urine, la salive ou les selles et le sang des animaux. Pour cette raison les contacts sexuels avec les animaux peuvent présenter un risque de transmission de zoonoses. Il peut être intéressant pour les gens qui pratiquent la [[bestialité]], pour chacune des maladies mentionnées ci-dessous (et les autres non mentionnées) et pour les différentes régions du monde. Certaines des zoonoses les plus communes sont listées dans la National Agricultural Safety Database (NASD) et par les Centers for Disease Control (CDC) aux Etats-Unis. [http://www.http://www.cdc.gov/NASD/docs/d000701-d000800/d000752/d000752.html Zoonoses – Les animaux peuvent vous rendre malades (Animals Can Make You Sick)]
===Liste des zoonoses===
<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
|+ <span style="font-size: 130%">Maladies animales qui peuvent être transmises sexuellement aux humains</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 95%">(Note: toutes les maladies ne sont pas listées)</span>
! Zoonosis !! Mode de transmission !! Espèces vectrices !! Régions !! Actes sexuels à risque !! Fact sheet
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" | [[Brucellosis]]
| bgcolor="FFEBCD"  | sperme, fluides vaginaux, urine
|D,E,P,R
|A,AF,Er,SA,NAr
|A,B,P,S,V
|[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic248.htm eMedicine]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''voir [[Zoophilie et santé#Brucellosis|details below]]''
|-
| style="text-align: left" rowspan="2" | [[Leptospirosis]] <br /> (Maladie de Weil) &nbsp;
| bgcolor="FFEBCD"  | sperme et urine
|D,E,P,R,Z
|W
|A,P,S
|[http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic856.htm eMedicine]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | Compliqué à traiter; facilement mal diagnostiquée; exige une hospitalisation urgente dans un centre spécialisé''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" | [[Q fever]]
|  bgcolor="FFEBCD"  | sperme, fluides vaginaux, urine
|C,D,E,P,R
|W
|A,B,F,M,P,S,V
|[http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic492.htm eMedicine]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Traité par antibiotiques, parfois pendant des périodes longues; vaccin disponible en Australie et en Europe de l’Est''
|-
| style="text-align: left" rowspan="2" | [[Rage]]
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | salive
|C,D,E
|W (not AUS)
|B,M
|[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/ CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Létale si non traitée; vaccin disponible (homme et animaux); prophylaxie post-exposition si exposé''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" | [[Dipylidium canium|Flea tapeworm]]
| bgcolor="FFEBCD"  | salive<ref name="flea">Un animal qui has been nipping at the fleas will still have partially digested fleas in its mouth and can transfer the larvae. {{Cite web|url=http://www.drgreene.com/21_205.html|title=Dog Tapeworms And Children|accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref>
|C,D
|W
|M<ref name="flea" />
|[http://www.cdc.gov/NCIDOD/DPD/PARASITES/dipylidium/factsht_dipylidium.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Readily treated w/ anti-parasitics''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2"  nowrap | [[Echinococcosis]]<br /> (Hydatid disease) &nbsp;
|  bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|C,D,Z
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/alveolarechinococcosis/factsht_alveolarechinococcosis.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Surgical removal of tapeworm cyst; possibly fatal if untreated.''
|-
| style="text-align: left" rowspan="2" | [[Campylobacter]]
| bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|B,C,D,P,R,Z
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2697.htm eMedicine]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Readily treated w/ specific antibiotics''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
|  bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|B,C,D,Z
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic484.htm eMedicine]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Protozoal infection, usually causes a self-limited diarrhea''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" |[[Cysticercosis]]<br />(Pork tapeworm)
| bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|P
|W
|F
|[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cysticercosis/factsht_cysticercosis.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Readily treated w/ anti-parasitics; (rarely) may require surgery (eye, brain)''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" |[[Giardia]]
|  bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|C,D,R,Z
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/factsht_giardia.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Diarrhea; readily treated w/ anti-protozoal drugs''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" |[[Salmonella]]
| bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|B,C,D,E,P,R,Z
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Self-limited diarrhea, complete recovery usual, rarely causes [[reactive arthritis]]''
|-
| style="text-align: left"  rowspan="2" | [[Toxocariasis]] <br /> (Dog roundworm)
| bgcolor="F0E68C" | fecal-oral
|C,D
|W
|F,M
|[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/toxocara/factsht_toxocara.htm CDC]
|-
| style="text-align: left"  colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffffcc" | ''Treated w/ anti-parasitics; usually benign but may be dangerous (eye)''
|-
|}
<br />
{|
|----- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
|+ High Prevalence<sup>†</sup>Region code
! style="text-align: center;" | Code !! Region
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |A/Ar || Asia, all/regions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |AF/AFr
| Africa, all/regions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |AUS || Australia
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |E/Er || Europe, all/regions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |NA/NAr || North America, all/regions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |SA/SAr
| South America, all/regions
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |W || Worldwide
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
|+ Sexual activity<sup>††</sup> code
! Code !! Activity
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |A || Human-receptive anal
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |B || Involves contact with animal blood
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |F || Involves contact with animal feces
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |M || Involves mouth-to-mouth contact
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |P || Penetration, genital-to-genital
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |S || Involves contact with animal semen
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |V
| Involves contact with animal vaginal fluids
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
|+ Species code
! style="text-align: center;" | Code !! Species
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |B || [[Bird]]s (incl. [[Poultry]])
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |C || [[Cat]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |D || [[Dog]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |E
| [[Equine]]s ([[Horse]]s, [[donkey]]s etc)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |P || [[Pig]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |R
| [[Ruminant]]s ([[goat]]s, [[sheep]] etc)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Z || Other
|-
|}
|}
<span style="font-size: 90%">† May occur in other areas but at a lower rate.
†† Not a definitive list. Not medical advice.<br /></span>
</div>
===Brucellosis===
{{main|Brucellosis}}
[[Brucellosis]] in humans is a potentially life-threatening multisystem disease that can be extremely difficult to treat.<ref name="germanbc">{{cite journal | author=Schoenemann J, Lutticken R, Scheibner E.| title=[Brucella canis infection in man]| journal=Dtsch Med Wochenschr.| year=1986| volume=111| issue=1| page=20-22| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3940831&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum}}</ref> There are several varieties of Brucellosis, all caused by [[bacteria]] of the genus ''Brucella'', the most notable being ''B. abortus'' and ''B. melitensis'' which affect larger species of domestic animals, and ''B. canis'' which infects [[dog]]s and other [[canid]]s. All are widely spread around the world. The most severe infections are thought to be associated with ''B. melitensis'' which primarily infects [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], and [[camel]]s in the [[Mediterranean]], [[Asia]], [[Latin America]], parts of [[Africa]] and some [[southern Europe]]an countries. Humans can catch ''B. canis'' through contact with the body fluids of infected dogs, especially semen. urine and vaginal fluids. Dogs can be infected with Brucellosis without showing any signs or symptoms, and infection can only be diagnosed with specific blood tests.<ref name="cdctests">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g.htm#mydog|title=Canine Brucellosis|accessdate=2006-12-09|year=2006|format=html}}</ref> The typical symptoms of the type of brucellosis contracted from dogs are: [[fever]] that comes and goes, [[loss of appetite]], [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], weakness, malaise, sore joints, low [[back pain]], [[Vertebral column|spine]] pain, headache, depression, abdominal pain, [[constipation]], [[diarrhoea]], [[vomiting]], weakness, dizziness, unsteadiness of [[gait]], and urinary retention.<ref name="emed-bruc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic248.htm|title=Brucellosis|accessdate=2006-12-06|publisher=eMedicine|year=2006|author=Wafa Al-Nassir|format=html}}</ref> Heart and lung complications can occur.<ref name="pmid10836605">{{cite journal |author=Piampiano P, McLeary M, Young LW, Janner D |title=Brucellosis: unusual presentations in two adolescent boys |journal=Pediatric radiology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=355-7 |year=2000 |pmid=10836605 |doi=}}</ref> Infected people exhibit only some of these symptoms. Other forms of brucellosis can be more severe.
With approximately 500,000 zoonotic infections a year worldwide (source:CDC), brucellosis places a large burden on humanity. Brucellosis has been reduced to rare disease status in [[North America]] (excluding [[Mexico]]) and northern [[Europe]] through vaccination and eradication programs, but it remains rife throughout the rest of the world. In most countries up to 10% of dogs carry this bacterium, and even up to 42.7% in some provinces of [[China]],<ref name="chinabruc">{{cite journal | author=Shang DQ| title=[Investigation of B. canis infection in China]| journal=Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi| year=1989| volume=10| issue=1| page=24-29| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=2661007&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum}}</ref> representing a major threat to the health of veterinarians and people who handle the blood or semen of infected animals. In the USA, there are only about 100 cases of human brucellosis diagnosed per year,<ref>It should be noted that the routine brucellosis test for humans does not test for [http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/457 Brucella canis], only [http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/brucella.html Brucella abortus].</ref> although some sources consider it underdiagnosed and underreported.<ref name="humbruc">"...family physicians are not well versed in recognizing and treating this potentially life-threatening condition .... Studies have shown that in the United States human brucellosis is underdiagnosed and underreported. The reporting rate in some states, ie, California, has been as low as 10%." {{cite journal | author=Sauret JM, Vilissova N.| title=Human brucellosis.| journal=J Am Board Fam Pract.| year=2002| volume=15| issue=5| page=401-406| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12350062}}</ref> Most other countries have much higher rates, with high risk areas including the [[Mediterranean Basin]] (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]] (including Mexico), Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.
===Emerging zoonoses===
New diseases that can jump from animals to humans are called ''emerging zoonoses''. The emerging zoonosis situation changes constantly, in an upward trend.<ref name="zoorise">{{Cite web|url=http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/jul04/040701d.asp|title=Emerging zoonoses on the rise|accessdate=2006-12-09|year=2004|format=html}}</ref> An example from the equine species is the rare [[Hendra virus]], originally passed from [[flying fox]]es to horses.  The implications for zoophilic sexual contact of each emerging disease should be carefully assessed by practitioners.
=== Zoophilia and human sexually transmitted diseases===
====HIV / AIDS====
[[HIV]] (the "[[AIDS]]" virus) was originally a zoonosis acquired from [[primates]] (notably monkeys) in Africa,<ref name="hivv">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0612_030612_hivvirusjump.html|title=HIV Originated With Monkeys, Not Chimps, Study Finds|accessdate=2007-07-25|publisher=National Geographic News|year=2003|author=Stefan Lovgren|format=html}}</ref> probably via hunting and eating but possibly via animal bite.<ref name="hivsrc">{{cite journal | author=Gurtler L.| title=[SIV as a source of HIV. On the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses from non-human primates]| journal= Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz| year=2004| volume=47| issue=7| page=680-684| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15254823&query_hl=29&itool=pubmed_docsum}}</ref> It only lives in primates (humans, apes and monkeys) and is not believed to survive long in other species or away from the human body and fluids.<ref>From [http://www.phru.co.za/hivsa/pdf/support_pack/13.pdf educational material] published by the Perinatal HIV Research Unit (phru) and [http://www.hivsa.com/hivsa/ HIVSA], a UK based charity supporting HIV/AIDS awareness and training in Africa: "''Resilient:'' Within the human body, HIV is a strong virus and can live and grow under almost any conditions ... ''Dependent:'' HIV depends on the environment in the human body (the temperature of the blood and other factors) to survive. ''Volatile:'' Outside of the human body, HIV is very weak and can survive for a short period only: between three seconds and one minute. If a scab forms over an open wound or if the blood is contained within a needle capsule, however, then the virus within that blood may be protected and enabled to live slightly longer." (ie, the presence of blood or fluids allows longer survival.)</ref> The [[HIV and AIDS misconceptions#Sexual intercourse with an animal will avoid or cure AIDS|myth that sex with an animal can cure AIDS]] is false.
====Other STDs====
Human [[sexually transmitted disease]]s ("STDs") are not carried or transmitted by animals.
However, many human pathogens can survive in animal fluids for a limited time, and therefore STDs may theoretically be transmitted by an animal that has multiple consecutive human sexual partners in a short enough time frame to allow pathogen survival.
==Bites and other physical injury==
Humans may be at substantial physical risk and seriously harmed by sexual activity with animals.  Larger animals may have the strength and defensive attributes (e.g. teeth, hooves, horns, claws) to injure a human, either in rejecting physical or sexual contact, or during sexual arousal.
===Bites===
Many animals [[bite]] as part of sexual excitement and foreplay. Animals carry numerous bacteria in their mouths capable of causing disease after a bite. The most common risk after an animal bite is simple infection (infection risk approximately 15-20% in the USA,<ref name="healthatoz_bite" >{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/animal_bite_infections.jsp|title=Animal bite infections|accessdate=2006-12-07|publisher=healthatoz|year=2006|format=html}}</ref> may be higher elsewhere), and for dogs and other large animals injury from the force of the bite.<ref name="healthatoz_bite" /> Bacterial bite infections are usually fully curable,<ref name="healthatoz_bite" />
although dog bites may cause ''[[Pasteurella]]'' and ''[[Capnocytophaga canimorsus]]'' infections,<ref name="pasteur">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/medical_notes/5270588.stm|title=Pasteurellosis |accessdate=2006-12-06|publisher=BBC News|year=2006|format=html}}</ref><ref name="cap">{{cite journal | author=D J Brenner, D G Hollis, G R Fanning, and R E Weaver| title=Capnocytophaga canimorsus a cause of septicemia following dog bite| journal=J Clin Microbiol.| year=1989| volume=27| issue=2| page=231-235| url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=267282}}</ref> which may have severe consequences.
===Other injury===
The sexual organs of other species may not safely conform to the human anatomy. For example, the penis of a [[Canine reproduction#Copulation|sexually aroused dog]] has a broad bulb at the base which can cause injury if forcibly pulled from a body orifice, and [[equine]]s can thrust suddenly and "flare".<ref>[[Bodil Joensen]] commented in a 1980s [http://fakepix.com/story/bodil-interview.html interview] that "I was afraid to let other women do the same with the [stallion] as I. It requires a special technique. When they cum, their glans swells up, and it can split your vagina. I have had some stitches once I didn't pull it out in time"</ref> In 2005, [[Kenneth Pinyan]], a resident of [[Washington (state)|WA state]] died from internal injury after being [[anal sex|anally penetrated]] by a stallion. In 2002, a 62-year-old farmer in [[Bulgaria]] was treated for a torn [[rectum]] after sex with a boar (male [[pig]]).<ref name="pig2">{{cite journal | author=Kirov GK, Losanoff JE, Kjossev KT| title=Zoophilia: a rare cause of traumatic injury to the rectum.| journal=Injury| year=2002| volume=33| issue=4| page=367-368| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12091035&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum}}</ref> In 1976, a 46-year-old [[France|French]] farmer underwent surgery for [[peritonitis]] after sex with a boar.<ref name="pig1">{{cite journal | author=Blondel PH| title=[Digestive perforation of unusual origin. 2 cases]| journal=Nouv Presse Med.| year=1976| volume=5| issue=14| page=915-916| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=1083973&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_docsum}}</ref>
==Allergic reactions==
{{main|Allergy}}
Sensitization and allergic reactions to animal saliva and semen may occur, ranging from mild irritation to [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="saliva">{{cite journal | author=Vanto T| title=Immediate sensitivity of asthmatic children to dog allergens| journal=Klin Padiatr| year=1985| volume=197| issue=4| page=363-5| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=4046495&itool=pubmed_docsum}}</ref><ref name="anaphylaxis">{{cite journal | author=Holden TE, Sherline DM.| title=Bestiality, with sensitization and anaphylactic reaction.| journal=Obstet Gynecol.| year=1973| volume=24| issue=1| page=138-140| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4737141&dopt=Abstract}}</ref> Although dried skin flakes, known as ''dander'', are the most commonly cited allergen,<ref>Dog hair, or [[fur]] is often cited as an allergen in respect of dogs. In fact the fur itself is not a significant allergen; rather it is the ''dander'', or other allergens such as [[pollen]] on the fur, which are normally responsible. [http://www.acaai.org/public/advice/pets.htm]</ref> dog saliva is a more potent allergen than dander.<ref name="saliva" /> An estimated 10% of people are allergic to animals in general, rising to 20-30% amongst [[asthma]] sufferers;<ref name="acaai">{{Cite web|url=http://www.acaai.org/public/advice/pets.htm|title=Advice from Your Allergist...Pet Allergy|accessdate=2006-12-06|publisher=American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|year=2006|format=html}}</ref> the percentage of people allergic to animal ''secretions'' in particular is currently unknown. Repeated exposure to secretions after sensitization has already occurred may subsequently provoke an [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic reaction]], which can be life-threatening, and should be avoided.
==See also==
*[[Animal behaviour]]
*[[Zoophilia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted disease]]
*[[Dog bite]]
*[[Zoonosis]]
==References==
<div class="references-small"><references />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic248.htm |title=Brucellosis at eMedicine.com |accessdate=2006-12-09 |format=html |work= }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.avma.org/reference/zoonosis/znbrucel.asp |title=Brucellosis at AVMA |accessdate=2006-12-09 |format=html |work= }}
</div>
==External links==
* [http://faculty.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/Faculty/bbchomel/WHO_Zoonoses/zoonoses_species.htm UC Davis site on zoonoses by animal species] - WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center, PDF slideshows
* [http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2001/07_01/morrison.htm Zoonotic infections from pets] - Understanding the risks and treatment
* [http://www.avma.org/reference/zoonosis/default.asp American Veterinary Medical Association] - Zoonosis updates
* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no02/05-0783.htm Diagnosing Capnocytophaga canimorsus Infections] - CDC
* [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm Nonfatal Dog Bite--Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments], CDC MMWR, July 4, 2003.




[[Category:Pratiques]]
[[Category:Pratiques]]

Version du 31 mai 2008 à 16:56

Chantier.png

ATTENTION, cet article est une ébauche !


Consulter la page de wikipedia.org consacrée à ce sujet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia_and_health


Fichier:Leptospira scanning micrograph.jpg
Scanning electron microscope of Leptospira sp. bacteria atop a 0.1. µm polycarbonate filter

Cet article décrit les implications en terme de santé des contacts sexuels avec des animaux (voir: Zoophilie). Les domaines abordés concernent les infections, les dommages physiques et les réactions allergiques.

Zoonoses acquises via des contacts sexuels[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Les infections qui sont transmisent des animaux aux humains sont nommées zoonoses. Peu de zoonoses peuvent être transmises par contact occasionnel, mais plusieurs sont plus susceptibles d’être transmises par des activités qui exposent les humains au sperme, au fluide vaginal, à l’urine, la salive ou les selles et le sang des animaux. Pour cette raison les contacts sexuels avec les animaux peuvent présenter un risque de transmission de zoonoses. Il peut être intéressant pour les gens qui pratiquent la bestialité, pour chacune des maladies mentionnées ci-dessous (et les autres non mentionnées) et pour les différentes régions du monde. Certaines des zoonoses les plus communes sont listées dans la National Agricultural Safety Database (NASD) et par les Centers for Disease Control (CDC) aux Etats-Unis. Zoonoses – Les animaux peuvent vous rendre malades (Animals Can Make You Sick)

Liste des zoonoses[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Maladies animales qui peuvent être transmises sexuellement aux humains
(Note: toutes les maladies ne sont pas listées)
Zoonosis Mode de transmission Espèces vectrices Régions Actes sexuels à risque Fact sheet
Brucellosis sperme, fluides vaginaux, urine D,E,P,R A,AF,Er,SA,NAr A,B,P,S,V eMedicine
voir details below
Leptospirosis
(Maladie de Weil)   		sperme et urine D,E,P,R,Z W A,P,S eMedicine
Compliqué à traiter; facilement mal diagnostiquée; exige une hospitalisation urgente dans un centre spécialisé
Q fever sperme, fluides vaginaux, urine C,D,E,P,R W A,B,F,M,P,S,V eMedicine
Traité par antibiotiques, parfois pendant des périodes longues; vaccin disponible en Australie et en Europe de l’Est
Rage salive C,D,E W (not AUS) B,M CDC
Létale si non traitée; vaccin disponible (homme et animaux); prophylaxie post-exposition si exposé
Flea tapeworm salive[1] C,D W M[1] CDC
Readily treated w/ anti-parasitics
Echinococcosis
(Hydatid disease)   		fecal-oral C,D,Z W F,M CDC
Surgical removal of tapeworm cyst; possibly fatal if untreated.
Campylobacter fecal-oral B,C,D,P,R,Z W F,M eMedicine
Readily treated w/ specific antibiotics
Cryptosporidium fecal-oral B,C,D,Z W F,M eMedicine
Protozoal infection, usually causes a self-limited diarrhea
Cysticercosis
(Pork tapeworm) 		fecal-oral P W F CDC
Readily treated w/ anti-parasitics; (rarely) may require surgery (eye, brain)
Giardia fecal-oral C,D,R,Z W F,M CDC
Diarrhea; readily treated w/ anti-protozoal drugs
Salmonella fecal-oral B,C,D,E,P,R,Z W F,M CDC
Self-limited diarrhea, complete recovery usual, rarely causes reactive arthritis
Toxocariasis
(Dog roundworm) 		fecal-oral C,D W F,M CDC
Treated w/ anti-parasitics; usually benign but may be dangerous (eye)


High Prevalence†Region code
Code Region
A/Ar Asia, all/regions
AF/AFr Africa, all/regions
AUS Australia
E/Er Europe, all/regions
NA/NAr North America, all/regions
SA/SAr South America, all/regions
W Worldwide
Sexual activity†† code
Code Activity
A Human-receptive anal
B Involves contact with animal blood
F Involves contact with animal feces
M Involves mouth-to-mouth contact
P Penetration, genital-to-genital
S Involves contact with animal semen
V Involves contact with animal vaginal fluids
Species code
Code Species
B Birds (incl. Poultry)
C Cats
D Dogs
E Equines (Horses, donkeys etc)
P Pigs
R Ruminants (goats, sheep etc)
Z Other

† May occur in other areas but at a lower rate. †† Not a definitive list. Not medical advice.

Brucellosis[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

{{#invoke:main|main}} Brucellosis in humans is a potentially life-threatening multisystem disease that can be extremely difficult to treat.[2] There are several varieties of Brucellosis, all caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, the most notable being B. abortus and B. melitensis which affect larger species of domestic animals, and B. canis which infects dogs and other canids. All are widely spread around the world. The most severe infections are thought to be associated with B. melitensis which primarily infects goats, sheep, and camels in the Mediterranean, Asia, Latin America, parts of Africa and some southern European countries. Humans can catch B. canis through contact with the body fluids of infected dogs, especially semen. urine and vaginal fluids. Dogs can be infected with Brucellosis without showing any signs or symptoms, and infection can only be diagnosed with specific blood tests.[3] The typical symptoms of the type of brucellosis contracted from dogs are: fever that comes and goes, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, malaise, sore joints, low back pain, spine pain, headache, depression, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, unsteadiness of gait, and urinary retention.[4] Heart and lung complications can occur.[5] Infected people exhibit only some of these symptoms. Other forms of brucellosis can be more severe.

With approximately 500,000 zoonotic infections a year worldwide (source:CDC), brucellosis places a large burden on humanity. Brucellosis has been reduced to rare disease status in North America (excluding Mexico) and northern Europe through vaccination and eradication programs, but it remains rife throughout the rest of the world. In most countries up to 10% of dogs carry this bacterium, and even up to 42.7% in some provinces of China,[6] representing a major threat to the health of veterinarians and people who handle the blood or semen of infected animals. In the USA, there are only about 100 cases of human brucellosis diagnosed per year,[7] although some sources consider it underdiagnosed and underreported.[8] Most other countries have much higher rates, with high risk areas including the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America (including Mexico), Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

Emerging zoonoses[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

New diseases that can jump from animals to humans are called emerging zoonoses. The emerging zoonosis situation changes constantly, in an upward trend.[9] An example from the equine species is the rare Hendra virus, originally passed from flying foxes to horses. The implications for zoophilic sexual contact of each emerging disease should be carefully assessed by practitioners.

Zoophilia and human sexually transmitted diseases[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

HIV / AIDS[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

HIV (the "AIDS" virus) was originally a zoonosis acquired from primates (notably monkeys) in Africa,[10] probably via hunting and eating but possibly via animal bite.[11] It only lives in primates (humans, apes and monkeys) and is not believed to survive long in other species or away from the human body and fluids.[12] The myth that sex with an animal can cure AIDS is false.

Other STDs[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Human sexually transmitted diseases ("STDs") are not carried or transmitted by animals.

However, many human pathogens can survive in animal fluids for a limited time, and therefore STDs may theoretically be transmitted by an animal that has multiple consecutive human sexual partners in a short enough time frame to allow pathogen survival.

Bites and other physical injury[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Humans may be at substantial physical risk and seriously harmed by sexual activity with animals. Larger animals may have the strength and defensive attributes (e.g. teeth, hooves, horns, claws) to injure a human, either in rejecting physical or sexual contact, or during sexual arousal.

Bites[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Many animals bite as part of sexual excitement and foreplay. Animals carry numerous bacteria in their mouths capable of causing disease after a bite. The most common risk after an animal bite is simple infection (infection risk approximately 15-20% in the USA,[13] may be higher elsewhere), and for dogs and other large animals injury from the force of the bite.[13] Bacterial bite infections are usually fully curable,[13] although dog bites may cause Pasteurella and Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections,[14][15] which may have severe consequences.

Other injury[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The sexual organs of other species may not safely conform to the human anatomy. For example, the penis of a sexually aroused dog has a broad bulb at the base which can cause injury if forcibly pulled from a body orifice, and equines can thrust suddenly and "flare".[16] In 2005, Kenneth Pinyan, a resident of WA state died from internal injury after being anally penetrated by a stallion. In 2002, a 62-year-old farmer in Bulgaria was treated for a torn rectum after sex with a boar (male pig).[17] In 1976, a 46-year-old French farmer underwent surgery for peritonitis after sex with a boar.[18]

Allergic reactions[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

{{#invoke:main|main}} Sensitization and allergic reactions to animal saliva and semen may occur, ranging from mild irritation to anaphylaxis.[19][20] Although dried skin flakes, known as dander, are the most commonly cited allergen,[21] dog saliva is a more potent allergen than dander.[19] An estimated 10% of people are allergic to animals in general, rising to 20-30% amongst asthma sufferers;[22] the percentage of people allergic to animal secretions in particular is currently unknown. Repeated exposure to secretions after sensitization has already occurred may subsequently provoke an anaphylactic reaction, which can be life-threatening, and should be avoided.

See also[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

References[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

  1. ↑ 1,0 et 1,1 Un animal qui has been nipping at the fleas will still have partially digested fleas in its mouth and can transfer the larvae. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  2. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  3. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  4. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  5. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  6. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  7. ↑ It should be noted that the routine brucellosis test for humans does not test for Brucella canis, only Brucella abortus.
  8. ↑ "...family physicians are not well versed in recognizing and treating this potentially life-threatening condition .... Studies have shown that in the United States human brucellosis is underdiagnosed and underreported. The reporting rate in some states, ie, California, has been as low as 10%." {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  9. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  10. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  11. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  12. ↑ From educational material published by the Perinatal HIV Research Unit (phru) and HIVSA, a UK based charity supporting HIV/AIDS awareness and training in Africa: "Resilient: Within the human body, HIV is a strong virus and can live and grow under almost any conditions ... Dependent: HIV depends on the environment in the human body (the temperature of the blood and other factors) to survive. Volatile: Outside of the human body, HIV is very weak and can survive for a short period only: between three seconds and one minute. If a scab forms over an open wound or if the blood is contained within a needle capsule, however, then the virus within that blood may be protected and enabled to live slightly longer." (ie, the presence of blood or fluids allows longer survival.)
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 et 13,2 {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  14. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
  15. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  16. ↑ Bodil Joensen commented in a 1980s interview that "I was afraid to let other women do the same with the [stallion] as I. It requires a special technique. When they cum, their glans swells up, and it can split your vagina. I have had some stitches once I didn't pull it out in time"
  17. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  18. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  19. ↑ 19,0 et 19,1 {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  20. ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
  21. ↑ Dog hair, or fur is often cited as an allergen in respect of dogs. In fact the fur itself is not a significant allergen; rather it is the dander, or other allergens such as pollen on the fur, which are normally responsible. [1]
  22. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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External links[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

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